This lecture delves into the mid-19th century rebellions, a pivotal moment in modern Chinese history, comparable in significance to the Opium War. These rebellions and their suppression fundamentally altered the nature of the Chinese state, shifting its center away from Beijing. The lecture outlines four major areas of rebellion, with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom emerging as the most significant, particularly due to its stronghold in the populous Yangtze Valley. Additionally, the Nians, Miao and Yao ethnic groups, and restive Muslim regions added to the general disorder, marking a period of profound societal upheaval.