African Sideneck Turtles are a fascinating group of freshwater turtles known for their distinctive method of retracting their heads sideways into their shells rather than pulling them straight back. These turtles belong to the family Pelomedusidae, which includes several species that are native to various regions of Africa. Their unique adaptation of "sidenecking" is due to their classification as Pleurodiran turtles, a group that differs from the more commonly known Cryptodiran turtles, which can fully retract their heads into their shells.

African Sideneck Turtles have gained popularity in the pet trade due to their engaging personalities, resilience, and adaptability to captive environments. However, they require specialized care to thrive, including proper water quality, a balanced diet, and an appropriate habitat setup. Despite their adaptability, these turtles are not always the best choice for beginners due to their potential longevity-many can live for 25 to 50 years or more in captivity when properly cared for.

In the wild, African Sideneck Turtles are semi-aquatic, meaning they split their time between land and water. They are typically found in slow-moving bodies of freshwater, such as rivers, lakes, swamps, and ponds. Some species are highly aquatic, rarely venturing onto land except for basking or nesting, while others exhibit more terrestrial tendencies. Their adaptability allows them to survive in fluctuating water levels and even periods of drought by burrowing into the mud and going into a state of dormancy called estivation.

African Sideneck Turtles are omnivorous, meaning they consume both plant and animal matter. In the wild, their diet consists of small fish, insects, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic vegetation, and fruit. In captivity, they require a varied diet that includes commercial turtle pellets, fresh vegetables, and protein sources such as earthworms or cooked fish.

One of the most notable characteristics of African Sideneck Turtles is their expressive faces and perpetual "smiling" appearance. Unlike many other turtle species, they have more pronounced facial features, making them highly engaging and charismatic pets. Their unique anatomy, resilience, and adaptability have made them subjects of both scientific study and conservation efforts, particularly as habitat destruction and the pet trade have impacted some wild populations.

This introduction provides a broad understanding of African Sideneck Turtles, their general traits, and their significance in both the wild and captivity. To gain a deeper understanding of these turtles, we need to explore their species classification, natural habitat, and geographical distribution.

African Sideneck Turtles belong to the order Testudines and the family Pelomedusidae. This family consists of two primary genera:

1. Genus Pelomedusa (African Helmeted Turtles)
2. Genus Pelusios (African Mud Turtles)

Each genus includes multiple species, each with its own unique adaptations and geographical distribution. Below, we explore these genera and some of their most well-known species.

The Pelomedusa genus is monotypic, meaning it originally contained only one recognized species, the African Helmeted Turtle (Pelomedusa subrufa). However, recent genetic studies have revealed that what was once considered a single species is actually a complex of multiple species. Some of these species include:

1. Pelomedusa subrufa (Southern African Helmeted Turtle)
2. Pelomedusa variabilis (Variable Helmeted Turtle)
3. Pelomedusa galeata (South African Helmeted Turtle)
4. Pelomedusa kobe (West African Helmeted Turtle)