this book covers everything you need to understand the principles, techniques, and applications of modern genetics.

Whether you're preparing for exams, advancing your research, or simply curious about the science of life, this book provides a clear, structured, and practical approach to genetics, bridging fundamental knowledge with real-world applications.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Genetics

Provides an overview of genetics, its history, scope, and significance. Covers Mendelian laws, basic concepts of genes, chromosomes, and inheritance patterns.

Explores the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, chromosomal organization, and the role of chromosomes in heredity. Includes karyotyping and chromosomal abnormalities.

Covers the chemical structure of DNA, double helix model, DNA replication mechanisms, enzymes involved, and replication fidelity.

Explains types of RNA, transcription, RNA processing, and the genetic code. Discusses codons, anticodons, and translation.

Focuses on transcription, translation, post-translational modifications, and regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Details Mendel's experiments, laws of segregation and independent assortment, and applications of classical genetics in humans and other organisms.

Covers incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, pleiotropy, epistasis, and non-Mendelian inheritance patterns.

Explains gene linkage, crossing over, recombination, and construction of genetic maps using experimental data.

Focuses on chromosomal structure, types, banding patterns, chromosomal abnormalities, and cytogenetic techniques like karyotyping and FISH.

Introduces recombinant DNA technology, PCR, DNA sequencing, cloning, and other molecular biology tools.

Covers operons (lac, trp), regulatory proteins, and transcriptional and translational control mechanisms in bacteria.

Explains chromatin structure, transcription factors, enhancers, silencers, and epigenetic regulation in eukaryotic cells.

Discusses types of mutations, mutagens, mutation detection, and DNA repair mechanisms including excision and mismatch repair.

Details cloning vectors, gene isolation, ligation, transformation, and expression of recombinant genes.

Covers medical, agricultural, and industrial applications of genetic engineering, including GMOs, pharmaceuticals, and enzyme production.

Explores modern techniques, genome editing (CRISPR, TALENs, ZFNs), recombinant protein production, and industrial applications.

Explains DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, ncRNAs, and the role of epigenetics in development and disease.

Explores Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance in humans, chromosomal and single-gene disorders, multifactorial traits, and genetic counseling.

Chapter 20: Genetic Technologies and Future Perspectives