This edited volume draws on the subdisciplines of anthropology to present an integrated perspective of Amazonian studies. The contributors address transformations of native societies as a result of their interaction with Western civilization from initial contact to the present day, demonstrating that the pre- and postcontact characteristics of these societies display differences that until now have been little recognized. In particular, Amazon floodplain societies are shown to be more complex in terms of cultural development than previously had been supposed. Most chapters deal with some aspect of the ethnology of a specific tribe or group of tribes, or of Amazonia as a whole; others focus on archaeology, ethnohistory, biological anthropology, and linguistics.